When we think of the weaker sections and their way of living we have in mind such groups as backwards of low social standing, lower levels of income, lack of literacy and occupying inferior occupational status in society. The evidence as a result of agrarian tensions, rural indebtedness, practice of bonded labour, disabilities arising out of untouchability and lack of mobility on the part of poor agricultural labourers. The liberation of the weaker sections of the society is essentially linked with their freedom from bondage to the economic system of the villages over which monopolistic control of the dominant castes and maintained the exploitative relations between feudal lords and their slaves, e.g., share croppers, bonded labourers and landless labourers, etc., who were economically, socially and educationally too weak to protest and seek alternative livelihood. Classification of Society- Above situation regarding the product of weaker sections in the society did not come at a time. It is well known that our Indian society was classified primarily, on the basis of distribution of works to enrich the society as a whole from the early Regvedic age. The Vedic concept of four varnas was a sort of division of work, only to maintain the dignity and status of the varnas on equal basis. Regveda had proclaimed the character of equality “No one is superior or inferior, All are brothers, All should strive for the interest of all and should progress collectively.” Atharvaveda articulated the minute principals of substantive equality thus: “All have equal rights in articales of food and water”. Regvedic system of chaturvarna is further referred to in Ramayana, Mahabharata, Gita and Unisadas, etc. Whatsoever the sacred notions and ideal goals of lives have been behind this chaturvarna system which was based on division of labour, was ultimately divided the labourers recognition of birth and clan inspite of virtues, abilities and good deeds. This notion gradually took momentum day by day and the fundamental human rights of labouers of our Indian society was uprooted. The king’s danda was also to be applied for the observance of to follow the directive. In their own way the eics and puranas lent support to caste norms, whose essence lay in its institutionalized unequality. The Brahamanas, the Kshtriyas and all those who could by virtue of their power, resources and positions, join the elite groups and had no role in primary productive activities, benefited from the system. Privileged ruling elite groups were enjoying unequal wealth, power and prestige in relation to the mass of people. Literary Source- The idea of population, in relation to certain social groups, was first elaborated in Dharmasutras of Apastamba, Gautama, Baudhyana and Vasistha, then in the Smrtis of Manu, Visnu, Yajnavalkya, Narad, Brihaspati and Katyayana, etc. Although they were the backbone of the Indian economy and the burden of the whole society was on their shoulder but they could not get their reward to lead a happy and prosperous life equally to those of higher privileged class. Buddhist text Vinaya Pitaka gives us clear information regarding the evolution of the caste system in Indian society. It relays the evidence that a man can criticize another man keeping in view of his caste, name, deeds, and crafts, etc. Here we find the two categories, i.e., Vena, Nisada, Rathakar and Pukkas, etc. are put in the category of lower caste and brahmanas and kshatriyas were put in the higher caste. Higher caste is supposed to be a privileged class who led a very hard life. In Apastamba Dharmasutra, it is informed that lower varnas may get birth in higher varnas in next birth by following the principle of svadharma in previous life. Here, the team svadharma means to perform ones duty properly allotted to ones own caste. According to Arthashastra- Kautilya’s Arthashastra also reveals that people will get heaven and everlasting happiness by following the principle of svadharma. Manusmriti states that the people will get salvation by following the svadharma (varna dharma), properly. But those who do not follow the principle of varna dharma are supposed to suffer a lot. In Apastamba Dharmasutra it is stated that persons of higher varnas born in lower vernas in their rebirth, if they do not follow the principles of svadharma. In Manusmriti we find the description of the bad. Results regarding the non following of svadharma of chaturvarna. Dharmashastra’s have also given a directive to kings and monarchs to compel the people to follow their varna dharma. In Apastamba Dharmasutra, it is stated that kings had enough power to give order for punishments to their subjects who violated the principles of svadharma. Gautama Dharmasutra also attests the same. Kautilya’s Arthashastra gives certain directives to kings and monarch to maintain the principles of svadharma amongst their subjects. Here, kings are supposed to control the traders, commerce, industries, mines,etc. and employed the blacksmiths, carpernter, potters,etc. in their deeds allotted to them. The report of the Megasthanese and Strabo also attest the same information. Keeping in view of the evidences revealed from Dharmashastras, Arthashastra and foreign records, etc.,it seems that from the beginning of the 6th century B.C. to the downfall of the Mauryan empire , large number of sudras and the weaker sections existed in the society. The number of craftsman during Mauryan period as mentioned in the Kautilya’s Arthashastra are as follows. Weavers, washerman, fisherman, ferrymen, farmers, cowherds, churner, watchman, snake catcher, magician, hunters, animal slaughterers, gold smiths, iron smiths, tailors, carpenters, tailors, chariot makers, rope makers, makers of articles of toilets, dancers, actors, singers, musicians, rope dancers, servants, female mendicants, maiden, female slaves of couresans, sweepers, dust washers, worhmen, dealers of perfumes, dealers of flowers, dealers of liquid, dealers of cooked food and grains, dealers of wine, dealers of meat, vinters, venders of cooked meat, professional story tellers, and cooks, waiters, bath-attendents, shampoors, bed preparers, toilet attendents or water server, etc. Economic Structure- The existence of occupational groups shows that the economic structure of the society was based on agriculture, arts, crafts and labour,etc. According...
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