Samudra Gupta (335 – 375 A.D.)
As the First year of his successor, Chandra Gupta II, is stated to be 375 A.D. in his Mathura Pillar Inscription, that year is taken to mark the end of Samudra Gupta’s reign, Another date of his reign is fixed by that of the embassy sent to him by king Meghvarna of Ceylon ( 351- 379 A.D.). His reign is roughly taken to begin from 335 A.D. lest it becomes too long. Its length also depends on his age. The date of his birth may be taken to be 310 A.D. following his father’s marriage in 308 A.D. Thus he came to the throne at 25, the legal age of kingship, in 335 A.D. The name Samudra was perhaps the name as summed by him after his conquest up to the seas while Guptawas his surname. The Mathura Pillar Inscription of Chandra Gupta II states that his father’s fame spread up to the four occans ( chaturrudadhi ). Kacha may be taken as his personal name on the ground of the coins issued by Kacha describing him as the ‘exterminator of all kings’ (Sarvarajochchhetta), an epithet which appiles best to Samudra Gupta in view of his conquwests. The Allahabad Pillar Inscription- It is evident that Samudra Gupta justified the confidence reposed in him by his father. This is clear from the testimony of the Allahabad Prasasti composed by his court-poet Harishena and inscribed by Tilabhattka. It is the poetical composition (Kavya) of Harishena. It gives a detailed account of Samudra Gupta’s Digvijaya, in course of which he is said to have won victories over several rulers of North India, resulting in the direct annexation of the territories of the vanquished powers yo the dominions of Magadha. Harishena who combined in himself the four important offices of- (1) Khadyatapakika ( Food Controller of the royal Kichen), (2) Sandhivigrahika ( minister for Foreign Relations and War), (3) Kumaramatya (Minister in attendance on Crown Prince), and (4) Mahadandanayaka ( Chief Justice). Harishena was the son of Dhuruvabhuti who also held the office of Mahadandanyaka which descended to his son. Harishena was the thus eminently fitted by his inner knowledge of the sdministration to give a correct account of the conquests of the king and especially the chronological order in which they were achieved. The inscription is stated to have been executed (Anushthita) by Tilabhattaka who also held the office of a Mahadandanayaka.But unfortunately this unique historical inscription is not dated.It is an undated record; apparently it was executed towards the later part of the reign, when Samudra Gupta had completed his coquests and other political engagements in and outside India. It was the aim of Sumrda Gupta to bring about the political unification of India and make himself an Ekarat or sole ruler like Mahapadama. He possessed an extraordinary military skill and was perhaps one of the greatest conquerors recorded in Indian history. For his numerous military achievements he was called by V. A. Smith as “ Indian Napolean ”. `He was engaged “ in a hundred battles’ and received “ wounds all over his Body.” Some words in it which refer to the king’s fame going up to heaven are taken to imply that the King also went up to heaven, and that the inscription was posthumous but Buhler has shown that it could not be so, as it omits to mention a most important event which took place after it, and in the King’s life and reign. It was his performance of Asvamedha after the completion of his conquests. Chandra Gupta’s son and successor, Samudra Gupta, was the greatest among the Gupta monarchs, and, in fact, one of the most ceiebrated and accomplished among the rulers of ancient India. From the evidence of the Allahabad Prasasti it appears that he was selected by his father from among his sons as best fitted to succeed him. The exact date when Chandra Gupta-I was succeeded by his son, Samudra Gupta, is not known. If the evidence of the Nalanda plate issued from Nripura, has any value his accession may have happened before the year 5 of the Gupta Era, i. c. A. D. 325. But it is doubtful. Dr. R. C. Majumdar writes, “It would thus follow that while there is much to support the view that Samudra Gupta ascended the throne in 320. A. D. Or 350 A. D. there in title justification for the date 325-335 A. D. usually assigned to his accession” (The Vakataka-Gupta Age, p. 147). In his view “it is equally likely that the era dated from the accession of Samudra Gupta, the greatest of the Gupta emperors. This would be regarded as almost certain if the Nalanda charter of the fifth year can be regarded as a genuine grant of Samudra Gupta, or even a late copy of genuine grant” (Ibid p. 146). “To hold that Samudra Gupta ascended the throne about 335 A. D. or even somewhat earlier, certainly implies that Chandra-gupta-I married Kumaradevi long before he became a king or that he established the era long after he had ascended the throne” (Ibid 146). It is difficult to determine the date of his accession. The one view is that his reign period was 325-375 A. D. The other view is that his reign period is 330-380 A. D. or 340-380 A: D. (Smith places his accession in A. D. 330-335, Ibid, p. 297). Samudra Gupta was the son of Chandragupta-I and Kumaradevi. His prasasti or eulogy was composed by his officer named Harishena, and is engraved on the Asoka pillar at Allahabad. It gives a detailed account of the career and personality of the Gupta emperor, Now, we are in a position to describe the military exploits of Samudra Gupta with its help. It is a record of “aggressive and blood-stained warfare” by the side of Asoka’s message of peace. Samudra Gupta was chosen for the succession in open court by his father as best fitted crown- prince. The






